Sunday, October 6, 2019
Team based incentives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Team based incentives - Essay Example The installation projects assigned may have varying degrees of difficulty which can affect achievement of equal goals. Individuals, too, cannot be equally the same. They can be high performers, average or even poor performers. Unless they are all sold on the team concept, each individual may primarily look out only for himself and not for the team as a whole. The team incentive reward would be viewed as unfair if those rewarded are not deemed to be deserving of the reward, as when average performers receive exactly the same reward as high performers. This makes the reward unfair and unjust. Determine what work components will be rewarded for each individual member. This may be individual regular installation (IRI), individual difficult installation (IDI), overall regular installations (ORI), overall difficult installations (ODI). Put a percentage weight on each component. For example, IRI - 35%, IDI - 35%, ORI - 15%, ODI - 15%. This way, high performers shall be rewarded more than average performers but each team member knows that all performance contribute to overall achievement of team goals. Management would have benefited from employee involvement in the initial design an
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Brain Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Brain Rules - Essay Example Therefore, the question posed by the researchers was that is the sedentary population turns out to be active. Will their cognitive scores rise? In this case, the answer given is a yes; the reason given is that exercise is aerobic. They further describe that executive functions had to improve after 4 months; memory scores also had to improve(Medina John, 2010)..There are two reasons given on why exercise improves cognition and it includes the following: Firstly, oxygen flow to the brain is increased as a result of exercise. This reduces the brain bound radicals. One of the fascinating results for previous decades is that oxygen increase is usually accompanied by an uptick in mental sharpness. Secondly, the brain’s molecular machinery is acted upon by exercise directly. It improves the neuron’s survival, creation as well as resistance to stress and damageThe information provided is very useful because exercise has been indicated to be very important in terms of boosting b rain power. It has also been reflected that having enough rest can be critical because it can make someone productive. In this regard, if I put the information into action, then my learning power could be improved. Oxygen flow to the brain is increased as a result of exercise. This reduces the brain bound radicals. In regard to this finding, it can be seen that exercise is good for the health and when exercise is taken into consideration practically. Another advantage reflected is that exercise influences executive function positively.
Friday, October 4, 2019
Learning Support System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Learning Support System - Assignment Example 3. Pay for goods f. Sell Learning Package 1. Book appointment with parent 2. Assess child's needs 3. Work out starting level on the learning program 4. Fill order form with parent g. Order Learning Material 1. Receive information about LSS services 2. Send interest form to LSS branch office 3. Book appointment with consultant 4. Fill order form 5. Pay for learning package 6. Receive learning package h. Administer Stage Test 1. Send assessment request to LSS 2. Receive stage test 3. Supervise stage test 4. Send test for marking i. Study 1. Study video and workbook 2. Do stage exam 3. Advance to next stage on passing Alternative: Last stage of level 3a. Advance to the next level if current stage is the last stage in the current level Alternative: Last stage of last level 3a. Finish learning program j. Manage Sales and Stock 1. Record customer details, where leads come from, consultant who made the sale and child's progress 2. Update stock level 3. Re-order automatically if reorder level is reached iii) For Process Assessment the primary scenario would be 1. Receive request for assessment by phone or by Assessment Request Form from parents 2. Send stage test 3. Receive and mark test 4. Send letter of congratulations and stage certificate The secondary scenario would be: 1. Receive request for assessment by phone or by Assessment Request Form from parents 2. Send stage test 3. Receive and mark test 4. Send letter of congratulations and stage certificate Also send level certificate along with a request for consultant to visit family if this is the last stage of a level. 1. A use case enables a systems developer to capture the functional requirements of systems. It does this by providing one of more scenarios that map to how the users interact with...It provides a divide-and-conquer approach to requirements analysis since the developer can focus on one part of a system at a time. A use case meets a specific business goal and thus the use case allows the developer to analyze requirement, one business goal at a time. An example is the use case "Buy Learning Materials". This use case spells out clearly the steps a Parent role takes to acquire learning materials for a Child role. Therefore, a use case provides a clear direction to a system developer. A use case is reusable because of the rich view it provides. A use case will therefore help systems developer not only during requirements gathering but also as a guideline during development. It can also form the basis of systems documentation much latter. The use case diagram for LSS above reveals the different components of the system under development allowing the systems developer to develop the system in a modular manner. He can start with the use cases that are considered more urgent/important by the users. Use cases provide alternative scenarios thus enabling a systems developer to accommodate many behaviors of a system.
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Sakuntala India Essay Example for Free
Sakuntala India Essay Kalidasas Sakuntala is the best-known Sanskrit drama, and widely considered a masterpiece. It is based on an episode from the Mahabharata (book 1, ch. 62-69), though Kalidasa takes significant liberties in his version. Widely translated there were no fewer than forty-six translations in twelve different languages in the century after Sir William Jones groundbreaking first translation (1789) alone, Dorothy Matilda Figueira notes in Translating the Orient new editions continue to appear regularly. Barbara Stoler Millers, published along with translations of Kalidasas two other dramas (and three explanatory essays) as Theater of Memory, appears to have become a standard version, and certainly the classroom text of choice (at least in the US); it also has the advantage of being relatively easy to find (which is not the case with most of the other translations). The eighty pages of essays, covering three different aspects of Kalidasa and Sanskrit drama, and the solid critical apparatus (though the actual notes are a bit thin), as well the fact that it makes the other two Kalidasa plays easily available, does make this an appealing edition. It is not, however, ideal. Millers translation is solid, with a few inspired touches, but it does not stand out among the competition. In addition, more supporting material, and more extensive notes focussed specifically on the play would have been welcome. Sakuntala is a play in seven acts. It begins with a remarkable Prologue, in which the director of the play briefly discusses the planned nights entertainment with the lead actress. Hes worried about impressing his learned audience, and tells her: I find no performance perfect until the critics are pleased; the better trained we are the more we doubt ourselves. (Critics with its newspaper-reviewer connotations is an unfortunate choice here; Kalidasa clearly only means hes worried about the opinion of this generally well-informed audience.) The actress manages to reassure him with a brief song: she is so utterly convincing and enrapturing that he forgets what play he wanted to put on (after just having mentioned it moments before). Its a hard scene to pull of on the stage, but on the page it can convince, and its a stunning start to the play (and also sets the bar very high). The play proper then begins, with King Dusyanta on a hunting expedition. Hes going after an antelope, but a monk stops him, telling him the antelope belongs to the local hermitage: Your weapon should rescue victims, not destroy the innocent ! The king does as he is asked. Invited to the hermitage he looks around the grove, and comes across Sakuntala and two friends but he hides before they see him. Sakuntala is the daughter of the head sage, Kanva (who is away at the time), or so the king has been told. In fact, she is only the adopted daughter, and is actually the daughter of a royal sage and a celestial nymph (which is important, as the it wouldnt be appropriate for the king to be involved with a commoner). Sakuntala is coming into her own, and one of the first things the king sees is Sakuntala asking one of her friends to loosen the no longer quite form-fitting bark dress she is wearing. As the friend says: Blame your youth for swelling your breasts. (Ryder translates this much more successfully: You had better blame your own budding charms for that.) The king finally shows himself, but hes uncertain whether to reveal his true identity and pretends to be someone else. He finds out that Sakuntala would be an appropriate mate, but theres still a bit of romancing to do. He does, however, give her the ring of the title an embellishment of Kalidasas that isnt found in the original source-material, but that will allow the king to come of looking better than he originally did. The second act begins with a Shakespearean buffoons monologue: the character of the fool transposed to India. The king is by now completely smitten. As the buffoon notes: She must be delectable if youre so enticed. The king is indeed filled with enthusiasm but by the end of the act realises that the buffoon may let something about his passion slip back home at the palace, which might not go over so well, and so he tells him: I really feel no desire for the young ascetic Sakuntala. What do I share with a rustic girl reared among fawns, unskilled in love ? Dont mistake what I muttered in jest for the real truth, my friend ! The audience knows better, and in the third act their true feelings cant be hidden any longer though both the king and Sakuntala suffer for their passion before they can embrace each other: SAKUNTALA: I dont know your heart, but day and night for wanting you, love violently tortures my limbs, cruel man. KING: Love torments you, slender girl, but he completely consumes me daylight spares the lotus pond while it destroys the moon. The king wants to marry Sakuntala, but she is worried that the proposed rushed and secret marriage wouldnt be appropriate. Fulfillment of desire is fraught with obstacles, the king sighs. Sakuntala gives in but only off stage, in between scenes. When the fourth act opens the king has returned home, promising to send for Sakuntala later. Still enraptured, Sakuntala neglects her duties and is cursed by the angry sage Durvasas: the king wont remember who she is at least until he sees the ring of recollection. (In the original version of the story in the Mahabharata there is no curse or ring: the king is simply a cad: he remembers her well enough, but pretends not to.) But Sakuntala is sp swept away she doesnt even realise whats happened. Much of the fourth act is filled with the sweet sorrow of parting, as Sakuntala prepares to leave the idyllic grove and the hermitage. Its all the more poignant because she is not aware of the terrible fate shes facing (while the audience knows exactly whats coming). In act five Sakuntala arrives at the kings court and doesnt get quite the welcome she expected. It should all be easy enough to clear up, even Sakuntala realises: this ring will revive your memory and remove your doubt. But, alas theres no ring on her finger ! It must have fallen off .. Sakuntala has other evidence, describing their meetings, but that isnt enough to convince the cursed king, and he continues to worry: Since its unclear whether Im deluded or she is speaking falsely should I risk abandoning a wife or being tainted by another mans ? Act six begins with more comic relief, as a fisherman is interrogated by the police about a ring he found the missing royal ring of recollection, of course. Now, finally, the king remembers. and he sets off to regain her. Sakuntala has by now given birth to a child, a boy who looks much like the king (and who should so the kings promise to Sakuntala long ago be his successor). But the king can barely believe that there is any hope left for him: learning the boys mothers name is Sakuntala he moans: But names can be the same. Even a name is a mirage a false hope to herald despair. But, finally, there is the happy reunion and ending. Much of the power of the play is as a character study of Sakuntala, as Kalidasa shows her in these different circumstances. Her love, her despair, her anger are all impressively displayed. Much of this and, indeed, the success of much of the rest of the play depends on the poetry of the play, and while there are some very successful bits, Millers translation does fall short. Sanskrit is a difficult language to translate in any case. The nominal compounds (similar to the German, except that they can be much more elaborate) pose a particular problem, and the Sanskrit verses with their own complex rules are also very difficult to convey. Miller knows her stuff, and the substance of the play is well-conveyed. But much goes missing especially that sense of poetry. Some of the problems can be guessed at from the explanation she offers of the plays title in the notes (one of the few terms she explains at greater length): Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection This is not a literal rendering of the Sanskrit compound Abhijnanasakuntala, whose exact form and meaning are controversial even among Sanskrit critics and commentators. The word abhijnana means recognition or recollection; it is used in the play to refer to the ring Dusyanta gives as a token to Sakuntala () A more exact translation of the title might be [The drama of] Sakuntala [remembered] through the ring of recollection, where the entire compound refers to the implied word nataka (drama),and a word like smrta (remembered) may be supplied according to a rule of Sanskrit grammar governing elision in compound verbs. Unfortunately, there are probably few words (and verses) in the text that dont warrant as much or more explanation. Miller goes for the grounded, straightforward approach, not rhyming the verses, for example (Ryder, on the other hand, imposes a rhyme on all the verses). Enough of the original comes through to get a decent sense of the plays qualities, but it rarely reaches the transcendent heights the original is reputed to have. A useful edition, with some decent supporting material (though more would have been welcome), it nevertheless isnt entirely satisfying. Return to top of the page
Capital Structure And Cost Of Capital For Morrisons Finance Essay
Capital Structure And Cost Of Capital For Morrisons Finance Essay It is very essential in todays modern age to upgrade and promote business in such a way that functioning can take place smoothly. This assignment is about the capital structure and cost of capital for Morrisons PLC. Also in this project an analysis on if I was a project manager and had to design a new project for the company what all stages and things I would have to do; are mentioned. This study is based on facts taken from the company website and annual report of 2009/10. Other information is gathered from educational case studies, website and core textbooks on this topic. Introduction According to www.wisegeek.com [1] Corporate finance is a broad term that is used to collectively identify the various financial dealings undertaken by a corporation. In other words we can say that corporate finance is a division within a particular company that deals with financial operations of the company i.e. raising finances for various projects, analysis of various mergers and acquisitions etc. In the present world scenario, one of the most profitable sectors is retailing. Large scale retailers have become very powerful, in some ways even more powerful as companies than manufacturers. The British layman is highly dependent on these retailers like ASDA, Morrisons, Morrisons, Tesco etc so as to buy everyday use products and services. Even these retailers have broadened their scope of activity and have diversified into more than just everyday goods. One such retailer is WM Morrison Supermarkets PLC also referred to as Morrisons. Morrisons was a company started at Bradford market by William Morrison in the year 1899. Today it is termed as the fourth largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom. With almost 124,000 employees working in 403 stores across the nation, Morrisons has an operating income of  £671 million in 2010. The different types of products that Morrisons has to offer are as below:- Groceries Consumer products Fuel and Oil Pharmaceuticals Alcohol and beverages These are the major areas of business for Morrisons but apart from these also certain services are offered at different locations which are store specific. Morrisons has not yet set up base outside the United Kingdom but according to the company website and also the annual reports, the business can be divided into 6 main regions, namely Scotland with 51 stores North UK with 72 stores Midlands with 75 stores South East including Gibraltar at 63 stores South Central with 62 stores South West with 51 stores To discuss on the size of its business relative to its industry we can look at the report prepared by Edward Garner, 2008 [3] as shown below (certain areas deleted as appropriate):- TOTAL TILL ROLL Great Britain Consumer Spend Includes all expenditure through main store tills and excludes petrol instore concession 12 Weeks to 12 August 2007  12 Weeks to 10 August 2008 change  £000s %  **   £000s %  ** % Total Till Roll    26,615,239          27,621,890 3.8  Total Grocers    18,733,701 100.0%          20,076,033 100.0% 7.2   Total Multiples    17,402,359 92.9%          18,719,527 93.2% 7.6     Tesco     5,962,922 31.8%           6,351,531 31.6% 6.5     Asda     3,142,151 16.8%           3,410,431 17.0% 8.5     Morrisonss     3,016,586 16.1%           3,175,543 15.8% 5.3     Sainsbury     2,042,026 10.9%           2,233,137 11.1% 9.4   Total Coops        815,208 4.4%              846,405 4.2% 3.8   Total Independents        516,134 2.8%              510,101 2.5% -1.2     Total Symbols        183,349 1.0%              181,137 0.9% -1.2     Other Independents        332,785 1.8%              328,964 1.6% -1.1  ** = Percentage Share of Total Grocers According to this report we can clearly say that in comparison with other supermarkets, Morrisons is ranked as #4 in this sector. The performance over the last few years can be summed in by the use of a table as shown below: (all figures are in million  £) Year Turnover Profit or loss before tax Profit or loss after tax 2009 14,528 655.0 460.0 2008 12,969 612.0 554.0 2007 12,462 369.0 247.6 2006 12,115 (312.9) (250.3) According to the figures shown in the table above we can say that although 2006 was a tough and bad year for the company, its recovery process was efficient and planned. Through 2007 the company improved methods so as to maximize profits. The entire tenure has shown an increase in turnover for the company but although the turnover in 2009 was at its peak the company failed to achieve a higher profit which might be due to a variety of reasons that will be discussed in the project ahead. Morissons though been facing problems in 2006 2007 they have been winning awards and earning high percentage of profits with the production units of morissons as with special brewing, wines and bakery unit. they also have been The Oracle Retailer of the year 2009,The Oracle Retailer Week Awards, March 2009 Morissons have been pioneering in the retail sector comprising The Own Grocer Label awards, with gold and silver allocades among the retailers wining The Cloudy Apple Juice The Best Toffee Popcorn offering wide range of fresh farm products to freshly prepared breads and confectioneries within the nested units of morissons along with wide range of wine cellars and brewed beers and cafà © outlets within Financial structure The financial structure of a company is known by the balance sheet of the company. In what areas changes are required and in what ways are all known through the balance sheet of the company. For a person to analyze the balance sheet appropriately one must understand the basic concepts of the balance sheet as a financial analyst. After going through the financial report (balance sheet as well as the annual report) for Morrisons, I have come to a point where a conclusion can be made on the financial structure with relevance to turnover and operating profits, capital expenditure, earning per share, tax payable, return to shareholders and dividend cover. All these factors will help to calculate the standing of Morrisons. A brief study is also done on the basis of the return on assets to compare Morrisons with other retailers. Turnover and operating profit 2008/09 2009/10 Changes Turnover  £14528m  £15410m 6.07% Operating profit  £671m  £907m 35.17% Capital expenditure the capital expenditure has increased by  £228m and now is  £906m. This is due to the recent buying of the new co-operative and Somerfield stores at a cost of  £223m and a refurbishment cost of  £102m. Apart from this we can see a fall in the previous made capital expenditure. This is a healthy growth projector. Earnings per share the earnings per share has increased from 17.4pence per share to 22.8 pence per share. This is mainly due to the increase in underlying profits. There have been no other significant factors that would affect the earning per share. Tax payable the tax paid during the year is  £209m. In comparison to the tax paid in the previous year i.e.  £104m there has been a vast increase, this is mainly due to the effective tax rate that was increased and made 30%.This represents 50% of the tax for the year ended 1 February 2009, as well as 50% of the expected tax for the year ended 31 January 2010, and repayments of previous years. Return to shareholders the final dividend paid during the year is 7.1pence which shows an increase of 2.1pence per share in comparison to last year. This makes the entire dividend paid during the year 8.2 pence and the dividend cover 2.5 times. The calculation is as shown below Comparative study According to a study by Biz/Ed [4] the following information can be gathered on the return to assets and profit margins. As we can clearly observe in the table underneath, Morrison has the highest return on assets in comparison to any other retailer of food and the profit margin is also comparative higher than any other retailer. Company Return on Assets Profit margin Marks and spencers 4.43% 3.91% Morrisons 5.60% 3.61% Morrison 12.93% 5.87% Tesco 9.99% 5.72% Working Average Cost of Capital An average representing the expected return on all of a companys securities. Each source of capital, such as stocks, bonds, and other debt, is assigned a required rate of return, and then these required rates of return are weighted in proportion to the share each source of capital contributes to the companys capital structure. The resulting rate is what the firm would use as a minimum for evaluating a capital project or investment. According to www.investorwords.com [5] . The calculation for this is as shown below. All data is sourced from the annual report of 2009/10:- Current share price =  £277.50 (P1) Previous years share price =  £237.75 (P0) Dividend for previous year = 5.80 (D-1) Dividend for this year = 8.20 (D0) Increase in dividends = 41.37% The formula for calculating the cost of equity is as follows: Re = D1/P0 +G Therefore cost of Equity (Ke) = 10.6/326.25 + 41.37% = 41.40% Cost of debt (Kd) = Interest Paid/Average debt = 260/924 = 28.13% Therefore, WACC = Ke*(proportion of equity) + Kd*(proportion of debt) = 41.40*0.28 + 28.13*0.71 = 11.59+19.97% = 31.56% This shows that the average return that the company must pay to its investors is 31.56 % Project analysis If I were appointed as a project manager for the company, several roles would need to be fulfilled by me. For any new project to be successful the project manager is the key. The focus and aim success depends highly on the manager. The main functions for me in such a case according to Duncan Haughey [6] are as follows:- Planning and Defining Scope Activity Planning and Sequencing Resource Planning Developing Schedules Time Estimating Cost Estimating Developing a Budget Managing Risks and Issues Creating Charts and Schedules Risk Analysis Morrisons is a large retail firm which operates and sells almost all consumer goods. The latest expansion plan was too diverse into household furniture. The project being evaluated is the introduction of Morrisons into the furniture segment. The aims of such a project would be to beat Morrisons that has already started into this sector. The final objective of beating the other retailers would almost be fulfilled in such a way. Key determinants Initial Investment In order to conclude the early speculation for mounting into the manufacturing segment a careful research will be required on part of Morrisons. This would occupy looking at a business plan of a medium to large scale furniture producer. It will also involve hiring of an actuary to decide several costs. The recognition of accurate expenses necessary will involve hiring of engineers as well. An in depth study into the accessible furniture industry would be the best source of identifying the primary investment. Annual Revenue The quantity of cost to be incurred can be recognized with logical accuracy, however, annual revenues cannot. This is because of the fact that revenues are based upon demand for the product. Since Morrisons has been always selling furniture its growth in the furniture production will have reasonable sales if the quality is maintained. It can also be seen from the intensity of sales of Morrisonss own range of product labeled Morrisonss Basics. Annual Operating Costs The present level of operations of Morrisons is based upon buying and reselling. This indicates that there is a low level of in service cost. In order to make out the correct level of operating cost an imminent into the financial statements of a furniture company will be mandatory. Additional transport costs will require to be assessed as Morrisons operates in a number of locations of UK. In order to reap the profit of economies of scale Morrisons will have to generate a central production facility. This will add to the set cost and help to reduce the operating costs. Rates of Inflation Rates of price rises straight affect retailers like Morrisons. Specific inflation of raw materials like wood will unfavorably affect the company directly. General inflation will also have an outcome as the price paid by consumers will reap lower value in the future. This has to be accounted for in the project assessment. The sources of inflation will be in print data provided by the government. These will include national financial plan and forecasts. Rates of Taxation/ payment and Relief Rates of taxation are significant elements of capital budgeting as they affect the cash flow. The tax rates are always particular by the government. So there are no problems identifying them. Other than taxes several allowances can be obtained when investing in a fresh project. There are special release programs that promote investors to invest rather than take dividends. Furthermore the fixed equipment bought is also eligible for capital allowance which is a taxation relief. Risk When any project needs to be taken up, an analysis on the risk involved needs to be done. Risk can be known as the possibility of making a loss. If we wish to analyse this in terms of money then, we can use the formulae:- To manage the risk effectively I would carry out the following steps:- Identify threats the risk can be of various types i.e. overshooting costs, interest fluctuations, jobs taking too long etc. Estimate risk using the formulae given above, we can calculate the amount of risk for the proposed project. Managing risk you can manage risk by either utilizing the present assets or by creating new assets. Review testing systems and plans must be used effectively to check on the progress to manage risk. Due to lack of data, the figures that are shown below are fictitious. The assumption that the project will function in the way of the product life cycle. Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 Sales Revenue 1500 2000 2350 2550 Variable cost 620 680 720 860 Contribution 880 1320 1630 1790 Fixed Costs 500 500 500 500 Net Cash Flow 380 820 1130 1290 Taxation 30% 114 246 339 387 After Tax Cash Flow 266 574 791 903 8% Discount Factor 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 Present Value 246.31 491.91 628.05 663.70 Assumptions Initial investment is  £3000 Fixed cost is  £500 Variable cost is at 40% of sales Discount factor is 8% Tax rate is fixed at 30%  £ Sum of Present Values 2029.97 Written down Allowance 400.03 PV after 4 years 4000 Less: Initial Investment 3200 Net Present Value 3230 Quarterly report format Following is the table assumed for the year with four quarters considering the assumed forecast for the year 2011 Year Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Sales Revenue Variable cost Contribution Fixed Costs Profit The per quarter report starting for the first month of year for a quarter will be as follows Quarter 1 January February March Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Sales Revenue Variable cost Contribution Fixed Costs Profit The above comparative statement is for all 4 quarters of the financial year. Each quarter is divided into Budgeted and Actual. The report I would be sending to the directors if I were a manager the report would be in this format because it can be easily understood by the directors. If there is a difference between the budget and the actual amount in the statement then, this can be for a variety of reasons such as interpretation of budgets. If the difference is high then I would have to try and re-modify the budget for the next quarter and try and improve actual figures by all ways possible. References The role of a project manager; Duncan Haughey; 2009 a snapshot of the UK grocery market(2008); Edward Garner; TNS World-Panel http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-corporate-finance.htm http://www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate/About-Morrisons/Company-history1/ http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/ror12.htm http://www.investorwords.com/5849/WACC.html
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Capital Punishment Essay - Beyond Horror and Incivility -- Argumentati
The Death Penalty: Beyond Horror and Incivility   "Capital punishment is the infliction of the death penalty on persons convicted of a crime" (Americana 596). Killing convicted felons has been one of the most widely practiced forms of criminal punishment in the United States. Currently, the states that do no practice the death penaly are Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, West Virginia and Wisconsin. However, for the remaining states that do practice the death penalty, it has been a topic of debate for many years. There are two parties who argue over its many points, including whether or not it is a fitting and adequate punishment, whether or not it acts as a deterrent to crime and whether or not it is morally wrong. These two classes of people can be grouped together as the retentionists, or the proponents, and the abolitionists, or the opponents (596). For the retentionists, the main reasons they are in support of the death penalty are to take revenge, to deter others, and to punish. They are most concerned with the protection of society from dangerous criminals. In spite of all this however, the death penalty is not a good form of criminal punishment for many reasons: it is morally wrong, it does not act as a deterrent for crime, it is irreversible and can be inflicted upon people who are innocent, it is more expensive than imprisonment and those who are convicted commonly use the costly process of appealing the decision and there is no chance to make restitution to the victim and/or the victim's family.  "People that favor the death penalty agree that capital punishment is a relic of barbarism, but as murder itself is barbaric... ...pectacle of publicly sanctioned killing has cheapened human life and dignity without the redeeming grace which comes from justice meted out swiftly, evenly, humanely" (Draper 44).  Works Cited Amnesty International Report. The Death Penalty. England: Amnesty International Publications, 1979. Bedau, Hugo Adam. The Death Penalty in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. "Capital Punishment." Encyclopedia Americana. 1990 ed. Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1985. Horwitz, Elinor Lander. Capital Punishment U.S.A. New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1973. Jayewardene, C. H. S. The Penalty of Death. Massachusetts:Lexington, 1977. Meador, Roy. Capital Revenge: 54 Votes Against Life. Philadelphia:Dorrance, 1975. "Violent Crime Control And Law Enforcement Act of 1994." 3/8/95(date retrieved). Â
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant Development Essay -- essays r
     The topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant development. Research on this described topic has recently become popular due to the rise of working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and decreasing numbers as stay at home moms are creating a number of different issues to be studied. The effects of maternal employment are determined by a number of factors that include, the mother’s job satisfaction and drive, amount of work, and the mother’s opinion of quality versus quantity time with children. The main concept at hand here is the importance of an attachment in the first few years as being vital to a child’s later development. One side of the argument backs up this fact saying that it is important for a child to have their mother home with them during this period of development. The other side argues that they are finding that it may be more be neficial for the child to be placed in some form of nontraditional care environment. This paper will examine these different effects on infant development whether they are positive or negative. There are two sides to this argument as expected for any issue in debate. I will discuss these two sides by using the arguments of researchers that have studied this topic and written articles on their opposing feelings on maternal employment. I will summarize separately these two researchers’ different views along with their findings. After I have summarized some of their findings I will be presenting my own personal view on this topic.      The authors arguing the yes side of this debate are, Jay Belsky and David Eggebeen. Their purpose in writing on this issue was to touch upon some of the issues involved in what has become known as the infant day care controversy. They reviewed previous studies of maternal employment and of the infants involved receiving various type s of non-parental care and found that the children that received the type of non-parental care available in the United States for 20 or more hours a week during their first year of life are at a higher risk of developing insecure attachments to their mothers and have been known to misbehave with adults and act more aggressively toward their peers as 3 to 8 year olds. It was also found that the children that ha... ...nced skills when in school. It has been discussed that children that were not placed in non-traditional care and stayed at home with their mothers for their first three years do not take long to catch up academically with the kids that had been placed in different care environments. Children that have been able to stay at home with their mothers have also been found to be more compliance and less behavioral problems when placed into school. I think that the one-on-one relationship that they got to have with their mother right from the beginning help a great deal in creating these types of good behaviors. The children who have been placed in the care of others all their lives would not know this feeling because they have always been surrounded by other children receiving care from the same few center workers. I really feel that the best thing a mother can do for her children to ensure good development and a happy childhood is be a loving mother at home for at least the first three years of life. Once they have had this experience, and they are closer to 4 years old they will probably be ready for some kind of pre-school program.     Â
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